Outline of Modern Chinese History (Chapter 9-10) short-answer, discussion

 Outline of Modern Chinese History (Chapter 9-10) short-answer, discussed in Chapter IX
socialist construction in the twists and turns in exploring the development of an important test sites
explain
Second, the short answer questions
1, to develop the Eighth Party Congress What is the route and its significance?
(1) line: correct analysis of the General Assembly after the establishment of the socialist system and the principal contradiction and the main domestic tasks, that: the principal contradiction in our country have the people for the establishment of advanced industrial countries the requirements of the backward agricultural country the contradiction between the reality has been the people for economic and cultural needs of the rapid development of economy and culture can not meet with the current situation of the people of the contradiction between the need to. the party and the people of the current major task is to focus on power to resolve this conflict, as soon as possible in our country from a backward agricultural country into an advanced industrial country.
(2) Meaning: the Eighth Party Congress for the comprehensive development of socialist construction of the line is correct, many of the new approach proposed and the idea is full of creative spirit. wisdom of the General Assembly, summed up the party's focus on exploring the road of building socialism in China important results, for the socialist construction and the development of the party has a long-term career guidance.
2, Mao Zedong basic contradictions in socialist society, pointed out: the basic contradictions in socialist society is still the productive forces and production relations, the economic contradictions between the base and superstructure. These conflicts can be subjected to the socialist system itself, the self-adjustment and improvement, continue to be resolved . This is actually the socialist system for the active promotion of self-improvement and development has laid a theoretical foundation.
3, 2 months, the CPC Central Committee held in Beijing to expand the central work conference. central, regional, provinces, regions, counties cadres five of seven thousand military leaders who attended, called . In the implementation of the > developed countries to conduct a comprehensive socialist construction, the lack of adequate mental preparation and scientific research; for what is socialism and how to build socialism, and not totally clear.
(2) the history of the Chinese Communist Party accumulated a rich experience of class struggle in the socialist transformation was basically completed, the building of socialism in the observation and treatment encountered new things, new problems, easy to copy the past experience, this does not belong to the class struggle to the problems which as a class struggle, is still used for large-scale mass political movement approach to treatment. The subjective reality from ideology and practices, as the Marx, Engels, Lenin, Stalin works of some of the ideas and arguments be misunderstood or dogmatic, but appears to have can not rely on the strength of the system and the collective in time to find and correct errors. in the Chinese Communist Party is facing the shift to this new task of socialist construction and thus require special care when Mao proud gradually, gradually divorced from reality and the masses, subjective arbitrary style and personal growing, growing above the top of the CPC Central Committee, so that the political life of the party and state principles of collective leadership and democratic centralism been weakened or even destroyed. coupled with a variety of historical reasons, the party's excessive concentration of power the individual, party dictatorship and cult of personality individuals grow up, this will make the party and the country as difficult to prevent and stop the Communist Party of the mistakes in the exploration?
in 1956 to 1976, the mistakes of the Chinese Communist Party, need to do a specific, historical analysis.
(1) the Chinese Communist Party committed serious errors, its nature and purpose have not changed. In the unity, the foundation of the socialist system is still preserved, economic development is still underway, the state remain unified.
(2) inside and outside the cadres and masses in the and struggle, on the Lin Biao and Jiang Qing counter-revolutionary group struggles, never stopped. making the Gang of Four the unity of the foundation of the socialist system is still preserved, economic development is still underway, the state remains unity are inseparable with the role of Mao Zedong.
3, Mao Zedong and other revolutionaries of the older generation to explore the road of socialist construction in China What are the theoretical contribution? What is the significance?
(1) in the basic guiding principle, the author discusses the need to implement Marxism with China's reality, theory, illustrates the basic principles of building socialism.
(2) the issue in the development stage of socialism, the socialist stage of development proposed is divided into developed and more developed socialist socialist two stages.
(4) in the socialist economic construction, Mao Zedong put forward a series of correct perspective . such as to agriculture, light and heavy in the order of developing the national economy; in the priority development of heavy industry conditions, adhere to both industry and agriculture, heavy industry and light simultaneously, both the central industrial and local industry, both medium and small enterprises and other democracy and political construction, Mao Zedong put forward many correct views. as a result both centralism and democracy, both discipline and freedom, both unity of will and personal ease of mind, dynamic and lively political situation; should correctly handle contradictions among the people as the subject of national political life; deal with the Chinese Communist Party relations with all democratic parties, adhere to long-term coexistence, mutual supervision policy, the consolidation and expansion of the patriotic united front; to truly protect the rights of the people as masters , especially the people involved in state and social affairs management rights; the socialist legal system to protect the interests of working people, protecting the socialist economic base, protect the social productive forces.)
(6) in the socialist cultural construction, Mao Zedong, to adhere to the guiding position of Marxism, the guiding ideology.
(8) on the strengthening of self-construction of the Communist Party, Mao Zedong was first aware of the imperialist After all the possible negative phenomena. proposed: Communists must continue to remain modest, prudent and free from arrogance and rashness in style. to continue to maintain the style of hard struggle.
Significance: Mao Zedong as their chief representative of the Chinese Communists these important ideas set forth, to the development of socialist construction and understanding of the law greatly move forward and to continue to explore the system after the Third Plenum of the Chinese Communist Party to form the theory of socialism with Chinese characteristics provides an important basis .
Chapter reform and opening up and modernization construction
New
important to explain the second test center, short answer
1, briefly on the great debate on the criterion of truth and significance of
(1 ) May 11, 1978, ; two whatevers leading an open mind, to re-establish the party ideological line, to correct long-standing three-step ; the second step, to the late 20th century, the growth of GNP doubled, and the people live a fairly comfortable; the third step, to the mid-21st century, per capita GDP reached the level of moderately developed countries, people's lives richer, basically realize modernization.
(2) realization of economy to a new level. clarified to allow and encourage some areas and some people get rich through hard work, and gradually achieve common prosperity of the policy.
3, published in 1980, Deng Xiaoping, The main idea is to speech what?
(1) the specific content of political reform: addressing the bureaucracy, excessive concentration of power, regardless of party and government, de facto life tenure in leading posts and other issues, impacts and wipe out remnants of feudalism bourgeois ideological influence, develop socialist democracy, mobilizing the enthusiasm of the masses.
(2) the nature of the political system and guidelines to follow: the political system of the socialist system of self-improvement, the four basic principles must be as a guide, follow the unified leadership, the principle of gradual and orderly progress in China under the leadership of the Communist Party of the steps forward in an orderly manner.
(3) political system the bottom line: we must adhere to proceeding from national conditions, sum up their experience, At the same time learn from the achievements of political civilization of mankind, should never copy the Western model of political system, must not engage in bourgeois liberalization.
According to Deng Xiaoping's the basic idea, the main contents of the Report is written thirteen. < br> 4, 1990, Deng Xiaoping's agricultural reforms and the development of the abolition of communes, the household contract responsibility system based, and the second leap in the development of collective economy.
(2) of the socialist economy with public ownership as the mainstay, agriculture ultimately to public ownership. In the long Look, inevitably produce a second leap, the rural economy and ultimately to achieve intensive collectivization. hands work alone, only one household is a farming, not to the collectivization of intensive economic development, the realization of agricultural modernization is not possible. ultimately go this route.
5, Jiang explained how the reform, development and stability of the relationship between?
(1) 1994 年 5 months, raised: stability is the prerequisite for reform is the driving force development is the goal, the three mutually reinforcing.
(2) 1994 年 9 months, the CPC has put forward the fourth session of the Fifth Plenary Session of reform, the speed of development and the sustainability of the degree of harmonization, the do political and social stability to promote reform and development, in promoting reform and development to achieve long-term political and social stability.
6, briefly and significance of the return of Hong Kong and Macao.
(1) 1984 年December and April 1987 the British signed the established the year 1999 December 20, Macao returned to China, Macao Special Administrative Region was established.
(2) Hong Kong and Macao's return, so that the has taken an important step forward.
7, Congress report proposed building a moderately prosperous society in what is the objective?
proposed to the first two decades of this century, focusing on the important period of strategic opportunity, concentrate on building a one billion plus people of a higher level of well-off society and further develop the economy, improve democracy, advance science and education, enrich culture, foster social harmony and upgrade the texture of life for the people. < br> 8, why build a socialist harmonious society? characteristics of a socialist harmonious society what?
(1) Social harmony is an essential attribute of socialism with Chinese characteristics, is the national prosperity and revitalization of the importance of ensuring people's happiness . the To build a socialist harmonious society is the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the Chinese Communist Party to build all the people together to enjoy a harmonious society. main features of democracy and the rule of law, justice, sincerity, amity, vitality, stability and order, man and nature live in harmony
9, China's road of peaceful development is the connotation of what?
2005 年 11 months, the City of Hu Jintao delivered a speech in London, systematic exposition of the basic path of peaceful development content .
(1) China not only through striving for a peaceful international environment to develop itself, but also through its own development to promote world peace and always be to maintain world peace and promoting common development firm force.
(2) rely mainly on their own strength, reform and innovation to achieve development, while maintaining the basic national policy of opening up, on the basis of equality and mutual benefit exchanges and cooperation with all countries, efforts to achieve mutual benefit and win-win situation.
(3) together with China and other members of society, as realization of the harmony, the harmonious development of the global economy, the harmonious progress of different civilizations to play an active role in the bright future of jointly committed to building a lasting peace, common prosperity and harmonious world.
10, the 21st century, China has actively engaged in comprehensive diplomacy What is the outcome?
growing international influence and international status in the international community to play an important role. Specifically:
(1) good-neighborly and friendly relations with the surrounding growing. efforts to promote South South cooperation and North-South dialogue, with the majority of developing countries to further strengthen the traditional friendly and cooperative relations.
(2) relations with developed countries to improve and develop. Sino-US relations have maintained stability and development of Sino-Russian strategic partnership of cooperation continue to deepen China-EU comprehensive strategic partnership to enrich the content.
(3) The Chinese Government resolutely opposes all forms of hegemony and power politics and promote the establishment of peaceful, stable, just and rational new international order, and vigorously promote mutual trust , mutual benefit, equality and cooperation, a new security concept, in accordance with the peaceful coexistence and other universally recognized norms governing international relations deal with international affairs.
three essay questions
1, the Third Plenary Session of the historical contribution of the CPC and What is the significance?
(1) the main contribution to the
1978 年 18 to 22 December, the Third Plenum of the CPC held in Beijing. central work conference before Deng Xiaoping's consistent with forward-looking evaluation of the discussion on the criterion of truth, and categorically denied The ideological, political and organizational lines.
plenum fully analyzed the current Bulletin of the principal contradiction and the main tasks, indicating the direction of reform and opening up. that: a large-scale and turbulent class struggles of the masses is largely over, the future should be strict distinction between two different types of treatment and the right approach to solve the conflict, in accordance with the Constitution and the legal procedures to resolve. realizing the four modernizations, requiring substantially increase productivity, will inevitably requires changes in many aspects with the development of productive forces incompatible with the relations of production and the superstructure, to change all meeting of the management, activities and ways of thinking, so it is a profound revolution has made a series of plenary
far-reaching major decisions: the decision the party's work the focus should be shifted to socialist modernization; decide the party's life and political life to strengthen democracy, a clear ideological line of the party, strengthening the leadership of the party and the establishment of the Central Commission for Discipline Inspection; decided to attach the national legislation People's Congress and its Standing Committee of the important agendas; decided to protect the people's democracy, strengthen the socialist legal system and other issues.
(2) Meaning: Third Plenary Session of the CPC since the founding of New China, the history of the party's far-reaching meaning of the great turning point. plenum over to smash the leadership, opened the prelude to the socialist reform and opening up. to the plenum as a starting point, China entered the reform and opening up and socialist modernization drive new historical period.
2,1981 years resolution one, the error is secondary. He founded the Chinese Communist Party and the People's Liberation Army and the development of China's victory in the liberation of all people, to create for the People's Republic of China and the development of the socialist cause, the establishment of forever indelible contributions.
(2) the resolution of the scientific system of Mao Zedong Thought and summed living soul. said: Mao Zedong Thought is Marxism-Leninism applied and developed in China, is proved by practice on China revolution and construction, a correct theoretical principles and lessons learned, the collective wisdom of the Chinese Communist Party. realistic, and the independence of the mass line is run through the activities of the soul. The resolution stressed: long-term guide our actions. the initial stage of Marxism. this assertion, including the two meanings. First, our society is already a socialist society. we must uphold socialism and can not leave. Second, China's socialist society is still in the initial stage.
(2) the Chinese Communist Party's basic line for the primary stage of socialism is to lead and unite people of all nationalities, taking economic construction as the center (a center), four cardinal principles, reform and opening up (the two basic points), self-reliance and hard work to build China into a prosperous, democratic and civilized modern socialist country of the party. (to be briefly summarized as Deng Xiaoping's remarks on the content and significance of the South
1992 年 January 18 to February 21, Deng Xiaoping inspected Wuchang, Shenzhen, Zhuhai and Shanghai, delivered an important speech.
(1) Content: stressed revolution is the liberation of productive forces, reform is the liberation of productive forces. that comprehensive national strength, whether it helps improve people's living standards. that plans to market forces more, not socialism and capitalism essential difference. planning and market are economic means. The essence of socialism is the liberation of productive forces, the development of productivity, eliminate exploitation and polarization, and ultimately achieve common prosperity. stressed that China should be alert to the right, but mainly to prevent the still in the initial stage of socialism. to consolidate and develop the socialist system, you also need a very long historical period, at least 100 years.
(2) Meaning: Xiaoping Southern talk, in the critical historical juncture, scientifically summed up Since the Third Plenum of the Party's basic practice and basic experience, a clear answer to the long-term problems and constraints understand people's thinking on many important issues, on the whole cause of socialist modernization have had a significant and far-reaching impact.
5, grasp the characteristics of the times, science determine the historical position of the Chinese Communist Party, focusing on the theme of building socialism with Chinese characteristics, and gradually formed the based source of strength .2001 July 1, Jiang Zemin, Communist Party of China to celebrate the 80th anniversary of the establishment of a speech, the system described significance of What is it? What is the significance?
2003 年 10 月 Plenary Session held in Communist China, formally proposed the people-oriented, comprehensive, coordinated and sustainable scientific development concept .2007 October 15, Hu Jintao, the Chinese Communist Party Ten seven reports, comprehensive discussion of the scientific development concept and essence of the scientific content.
(1) Content: Scientific Outlook on Development, the first prerequisite is the development of the core is people-oriented, comprehensive, balanced and sustainable basic requirements, the basic method is holistic. to always realize, safeguard and develop the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people all the party and the country as the starting point and end point; to do development for the people, development depends on the people, the fruits of development shared by the people. < br> (2) Meaning: the scientific development concept is based on the CPC Central Committee with Hu Jintao as General Secretary Deng Xiaoping Theory and strategic thinking. It is of the Marxist world outlook and methodology of the concentrated expression of Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thought, Deng Xiaoping Theory and China's economic and social development of an important guiding principle is the development of socialism with Chinese characteristics must adhere to and implement a major strategic thought.
7, Shishu congress theme and meaning of
(1) Subject: hold high the socialism with Chinese characteristics the great banner of Marxism, Deng Xiaoping Theory and win the struggle.
(2) Significance: Report summarizes the course of reform and opening up and the successful experience of the socialist road with Chinese characteristics and made a scientific summary of the theoretical system, to clarify the scientific development concept and essence of the scientific content, and further proposed building a moderately prosperous society in the new requirements and strategic planning; considered and unanimously adopted the constitution amendment, the principle of maintaining the overall stability of the Party Constitution, the establishment of the Seventeenth National Congress of the major theoretical perspectives, major strategic thinking, great work plans to write Constitution; elected the new party's Central Committee (seventh session of the Central Committee elected a Central Committee with Hu Jintao as General Secretary) to continue to advance the cause of socialism with Chinese characteristics and provides a reliable organizational guarantee.
8, Communist Party Congress on the basic experience of reform and opening up process and summarized what had been done?
Communist Party Congress report on a new historical starting point, nearly 30 years of reform and opening up the course were reviewed, noting that:
(1) 1978 Third Plenum of the CPC opened a new historical period of reform and opening up, the Chinese people, socialist China, the face of Communist Party of China has undergone historic changes.
(2) the most distinctive features of the new period reform and opening up, the most significant achievement was the rapid development of the times is the most prominent hallmark.
(3) since the reform and opening up all the achievements and progress we have made the root causes of boils down to is this: open up the socialism with Chinese characteristics The Road to form a theoretical system of socialism with Chinese characteristics. hold high the great banner of socialism with Chinese characteristics, the most fundamental thing is to stick to this path and the theoretical system.
9, 30 years of reform and opening up what has brought us deep historical experience and enlightenment?
experience: (1) (found a way) to create a socialist road with Chinese characteristics, follow this path, substantially increased the country's comprehensive national strength and people's living standards, for building Well, basically realize socialist modernization has opened up broad prospects.
(2) (held up a banner) socialism with Chinese characteristics is the banner of development and progress in contemporary China, the whole Party and people of all struggle banner.
(3) (upholding a route) and unswervingly uphold the Party's basic line, the risk is able to withstand the test of our cause and successfully achieve the target of the most reliable guarantee.
(4) (obtained one sentence conclusion) Practice has fully proved, since the CPC Communist Party of China opened the road of socialism with Chinese characteristics, establishing the basic theory, basic line, basic program and basic experience, is entirely correct.
revelation: (1) (a weak) population, weak economic foundation, fewer resources per capita, China is still the world's largest developing country, we must be vigilant in peace, long-term hard work.
(2) (new issues) China's reform and opening up and modernization, are facing new challenges and many new problems. such as urban and rural, regional, economic and social development is very uneven, such as population, resources and environmental pressures.
these issues, under the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party, relying on the socialist system , it can be resolved in advance, and only can be resolved in advance.
10, of the 20th century, China has experienced three historic changes.
20 century, China has also experienced three great historic change.
first one Revolution, ruled China for thousands of years to overthrow the autocratic monarchy. it created a full sense of the modern national democratic revolution. for the progress in China and opened the door, so that the reactionary ruling order can no longer stabilize .
the second was the establishment of the People's Republic and the socialist system. Communist Party of China led the people to national independence and liberation of the people to complete the historical task, the establishment of New China, people are the masters for the realization of the great Chinese nation Renaissance created a premise. After the founding of new China, the Chinese Communist Party led the people to establish a basic system of socialism.
reform and opening up the third, the struggle for the realization of socialist modernization. In the new revolution and construction since the founding basis of the achievements on the Third Plenary Session, the Chinese Communist Party led the entire people, and succeeded in creating a socialist road with Chinese characteristics, persist in taking economic construction as the center, four cardinal principles, reform and opening up, initially established a socialist market economy system, greatly improve China's comprehensive national strength and people's living standard, building a moderately prosperous society and achieve socialist modernization has opened up broad prospects. socialism in China has demonstrated its vigor and vitality, and rejuvenating the Chinese nation to give new and greater vitality.
these three great historical change, fundamentally changed the destiny of the Chinese people to decide the development direction of Chinese history.